- Alexander S King Aug 4, 2016 at 22:18 1 It focuses on reasoning and logical thinking. & Stanley, T. Critical Thinking and Formative Assessments: Increasing the Rigor in your Classroom. Tursunovna, S. O., & Munisxon, G. The Subject of dhikr in the Teachings of Tasawwuf by Hoja Muhammad Porso. As the world has moved into a more digital age since the dawn of the 21st century, many aspects of life have also evolved, one of them being education techniques. In what follows, the author has examined the differences between Islamic philosophy and that of the West, highlighting the origin of these differences. The Latin equivalents of which were magister, professor, and doctor. Interestingly Hayes (2015) explains that this is an act of charity on the part of the listener because. 2013. Europe, the West and Christendom have all but become synonymous, as have the Middle East, the Islamic world and Islam itself. Education, Vol 133 No.3 272-282. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. 3v{G0xi/6{?anCm(~7CAoY But I have to imagine that those who desire a increasingly pure religiosity like the Salafists of Boko Haram would be disinterested in such a noble pursuit. <>/Metadata 334 0 R/ViewerPreferences 335 0 R>> St. Thomas Aquinas had already recognized this problem and made a distinction between the two magisterial; the teaching authority of the pastor and the authority of the professor of theology. al-aakiba lil mutaqeen..may I be form among them and all of you too.. WATCH Mr. Muneccimbasi, A. L. (1660). The unification of religious knowledge and secular knowledge is fundamental for one attempting to understand the similarities and differences between western pedagogies and Islamic pedagogies. College instruction and concomitant changes in students knowledge . Questions regarding the ability of Islamic seminaries to actually achieve their critical thinking objective still needs to be discussed. An interesting concept. According to Gunther (2006) there are multiple examples of the Islamic religiously based educational system emphasizing critical thought in students. Forty-five years after its creation however Blooms well accepted taxonomy was revised. An Islamic Concept of Education. Makdisi, G. (1989). By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. (2004). But, in fact, it is abhorrent to the real Judeo-Christian tradition too. Islamic theology ( kalm) and philosophy ( falsafah) are two traditions of learning developed by Muslim thinkers who were engaged, on the one hand, in the rational clarification and defense of the principles of the Islamic religion ( mutakallimn) and, on the other, in the pursuit of the ancient (Greek and Hellenistic, or . In fact, a pedagogy which places over emphasis on critical can run the risk of destroying a students ability to learn. Soozandehfar, S. M. A., & Adeli, M. R. A Critical Appraisal of Blooms Taxonomy. Nickerson, R. S., Perkins, D. N., & Smith, E. E. The Teaching of Thinking. Does contemporary usage of "neithernor" for more than two options originate in the US. Religious scholarship in the Islamic tradition has always been decentralized. If you are successful in extracting the meaning the first time well be itAfter extracting the meaning examine every conceptual aspect very closely for any deficiency (al-Qanuji, 1889). 1994, eker, M. Y. Johnson, S. Teaching Thinking Skills, In C. Winch, (ed) Teaching Thinking Skills , London Continuum. Fifthly, the synthesis objective which is the putting together of the elements and parts so as to form a whole (Bloom, 1956). With Memorization as a key stepping stone in the process of acquisition of knowledge, it is not seen as an obstruction to learning until it is made the objective of educational pursuits in either of the pedagogical systems. Against critical thinking pedagogy. What are some of the differences between Chinese and Japanese philosophy? The differences listed below are heavily stereotyped, generalized, and polarized. sciences, and other areas where freedom of thought would first have to licensed and regulated i.e. :). Indeed, Islam is not opposed to the democratic spirit. Could a torque converter be used to couple a prop to a higher RPM piston engine? 2014. 2017. Prophet Muhammad is reported to have said, contemplate everything, but do not contemplate over the nature of God. 21:22, 23:91), iv. The present-day world is ruled by the media. everything! Add to this, the beauty of Islamic mysticism, which is very close to the heart of the West. Scholaticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West. Aspect 1: Where Thinking Happens Internally or Externally Native American philosophy. Blooms taxonomy be it the original or the revised, highlights the importance of building a base of knowledge. You are also assuming that evry aspect of Islamic life is explicitly covered by devine revealation. If we adopt a more inclusive Abrahamic view, Islam can no more be considered the other. I am currently studying Islamic pedagogy via ITEP the Islamic teacher education program: a well organized course with lots to reflect upon. may Allah gives us all tawfiq dunyia and akhira.ameen. For Muslims, tolerance is an article of faith. 1987. In the end, it all comes back to what God did. Badi, J. Tafsir al-Imamayni al-Jalalayni.Qaherah: Dar al-adith. Jurnal Ushuluddin, 23(2), 118-126. Memorization is a training of the mind. Our deen does not need any critical analysis by anyone. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) taught the same morals, within the same framework of Semitic tradition. Sidiq ibn Hasan al-Qanuji (1889), wrote an encyclopedic work on learning and teaching, which he titled Abjad al-ulum (the simple truths of knowledge) in the eighteenth century. 4 Most of Islamic philosophy falls in pretty much in the same tradition as Western Philosophy - both of them are continuations of Greek thought. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. IIUM: Kuala Lumpur. Update the question so it focuses on one problem only by editing this post. 2014. B., & Yabi, S. Literature Review on Concept of Tafakkur in Islamic Mysticism. 3 (2021): SPECIAL ISSUE: DECEMBER, https://researchbank.acu.edu.au/theses/423/, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242202737_MENDIDIK_GENERASI_BERAKHLAK_MULIA_FOKUS_PERANAN_GURU_PENDIDIKAN_ISLAM. The way these concepts are interconnected and how despite the different timelines and the labels with which they were described, the basic concepts remain the same. Most modern uses of the term refer to the societies that exist in Europe and North. What are the key differences between being a Muslim in America and being a Muslim in the Muslim world? The last of the objectives according to Bloom (1956) is the evaluation objective which is defined as making judgements about the whole. The Islamic doctorate, which was referred to earlier, was only restricted to field of law alone. A lot in fact! Those in the West may be more successful in this. Kitbn lil-Jhi : Kitb al-muallimn wa-Kitb f al-radd al al-mushabbahah. 2016. Beirut: Maktabah al-`Ariyyah. Swartz, R., & Parks, S. Infusing Critical and Creative Thinking into Content Instruction, California Critical Thinking Press. Islamic. Zarathustra and the History of Western Philosophy. What is the impact of Islamic philosophy on European philosophy and science, Sci-fi episode where children were actually adults. However, he believes, Memorization inhibits the intellect. In summary, the way I understand it is critical thought is not outside of what can, if not should, be inculcated in Islamic caricullum and within Muslims day to day learning and practicing of their faith. Gunther, S. (2006). Critical thinking defined by McPeck (1981) is the propensity and skill to engage in an activity with reflective skepticism (Fahim & Masouleh, 2012). As a beleiver, one has to accept that someone was in charge of it all whether He created Creation with the aid of others or some other method. This forces one to question the origins of atheist trends among academia. As Diallo (2012) emphasizes, western pedagogy and epistemology was freed from religious control. Badri, M. B. Contemplation: An Islamic Psycho-spiritual Study, Shelbourne Enterprise Sdn. Imam Mikaeel Ahmed Smith (Michael V Smith) is an Islamic scholar, writer, and activist striving to meet the educational needs of communities at the Qalam Institute in Texas. Thinking Styles from Islamic and Western Perspectives Islam, through its primary source, presents various styles of thinking that relate to critical and creative thinking. Rosnani, H., Suhaila, H., & Juhasni, A. J. Democracy and human rights are often held to be Western values, while authoritarianism and oppression are considered the characteristics of a decadent East. 2005. Diallo, I. Ive been involved with pedagogical & andragogical paradigms lately. Hayes (2015) explains that ordinary students normally begin without comprehension of a text or work of art. We understand 1+1 = 2, not through analysis, but through memorization. Summary. At the age of 18, he embraced Islam after reading the Quran and the Autobiography of Malcolm X. The way of Western think as fire burns and will continue to burn in whatever circumstances. Ph.D Dissertation. If you are skeptical about the Oneness of God, then your reflections and skepticism become open displays of an untrained mind. Criticism and difference of opinion are two completely different things. He further explains the memorization is mere imitation whereas deductive reasoning brings one to certainty and great confidence (Gunther, 2006). 3 0 obj The main goal of education should not be to produce critical thinkers but person with high morals, ethics and values based on the divine revelations. Sabkia, A. a. Laleli , Istanbul : MS, Istanbul, Suleymaniye Kutuphanesi. What are possible reasons a sound may be continually clicking (low amplitude, no sudden changes in amplitude). Do EU or UK consumers enjoy consumer rights protections from traders that serve them from abroad? you have to reach out to me with charity, to make an effort to construe me as sense-making rather than nonsensical. These auxiliary sciences were never static and adjusted throughout the ages according to the threats to Islamic society. Are there any Western philosophies that present views similar to the No-self view of Buddhism? You would be aware that while all Muslims agree its way outside of anyones capacity to critique divine revelation like all of the Quranic content, and so the Prophet (SAW)s guidance, the manner and means of reporting and transmitting Hadith is not outside the boundaries of critical analysis. (2013). It provides us deeper understanding of Him. 294-323. Hayes, D. (2015). Equality and fraternity are expressed effectively in the mosques of Islam, where you can simply see the black and white, poor and rich, weak and strong etc., standing side-by-side and shoulder to shoulder in their prayers to the One and Only God. To compare three traditions on at least 5 topics and list key figures would take many more than a few. It wasnt long before the Faculty of Theology in Paris in 1387 assumed the power of passing final judgements on religious doctrine (Makdisi, 1989). This study is intended to examine the Western and Islamic critical thinking . Looking at early Islamic scholarly works on education shows that from the beginning there was unification of all sciences under religion. Even Muslim dietary laws require that the permitted meat is prepared in a manner that emphasizes cleanliness and a humane treatment of animals. Risalah fi Adab al-Mutalah. (869). If critique comes before acquisition. The tolerance of Islam is also worth emphasizing, though the popular view is different. Also what our beloved (p.b.u.h) said about verses and lost or untied camels, one way or the other, could also be mentioned. remembering (memorization), often not moving beyond that. The Truth i Eternal, so is Allahs promise of his severe punishment or the excellent reward of paradise. In the upcoming age of technology and loss of traditional work it will be the ability to think critically and creativity that will come to be valued, they will be the things that will be most difficult to replicate. Norillah, A. % O People of Allah, Do not be among the first to doubt and do not be impressed by the widespread corruption on Earth. I think you, Ms Umm Jehan, appear to confuse criticising and critiquing. 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Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Those with poor media are easily outstripped by those with good press a good PR department. This treatise deals with issues that an elementary school teacher might face when teaching. The question still remains, how did the Islamic pedagogical system synthesize the sacred and skepticism? Hayes (2015) explains, By critical thinking we mean thinking for ones self as opposed to just accepting what authorities of various kinds tell us to think. If you are using the internet, yet working within the basic thought guidelines on any subject, its a powerful useful too. This is since Islam upholds the validity of all the prophetic paths. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. sorry I am just an original nutterI know I am not aloneneither is Syria too..with that said, satan will pay for the latter too..and who ever owes their relative anything better start paying up before it gets too late too..(Arrogance and power are addictive arent they?? The question that naturally should be asked after looking at the sacred nature of knowledge and the presumption that reverence is needed for learning true knowledge is, Is there any room for critical thought in Islamic pedagogical systems? Halstead (2004) claims, that in Islamic educational systems knowledge must be approached reverently and in humility, for there cannot be any true knowledge that is in conflict with religion and divine revelation, only ignorance (Halstead, 2004). Critical thinking for Islamic pedagogy is the ability to see MORE in Islam, not less the ability of Islam to expand for our needs and aims. Al-Sharaf (2013) and Altunya (2014) are both of the opinion that Islamic pedagogical outlook is based in engineering critical thinkers. Theory and practice, unalloyed doctrine and tainted practice are. scientific thinking style as in (Q. Kuala Lumpur. )may we all learn to fight our nafs..if it is the eternal abode of true success and happiness that we truly crave..well we all crave itbut perhaps we all go about it in all the wrong ways..! by Brad Scott. Al-Ghifari (869) states in his introduction, Everything that one reads will be either a statement or a propositional claim. 2001. 2002. There is the political aspect, the sociological aspect, the . While westerners have perceived knowledge to include both divine and human information Islam has seen knowledge to be more than that. (2012). 41: 11, 21:30-33) iii. A View of Education: An Islamic Perspective. Critical thinking requires moral traits which Islam inculcates: intellectual patience, intellectual courage, intellectual honesty, intellectual empathy, and intellectual clarity. Cry Baby Politics and Victim Culture: Lynching the Muslims. For a comprehensive treatment of the subject see Islams Heritage of Critical Education: The Missing Catalyst in Addressing the Crisis Informing Modern Muslim Presence by A Sahin at https://www.academia.edu/25528161/Islams_Heritage_of_Critical_Education_The_Missing_Catalyst_in_Addressing_the_Crisis_Informing_Modern_Muslim_Presence. 97-128). A theoretical model of thinking which is based on Islamic worldviews is also proposed. International Journal of Arab Culture, Management and Sustainable Development 2(1) 41-54. The revised Taxonomy maintained its six categories however the names of the categories were changed and rearranged: (1) Remember, (2) Understand, (3) Apply, (4) Analyze, (5) Evaluate, (6) Create (Krathwohl, 2002). Comparison between Western, Eastern and Islamic Philosophy [closed], New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition. The charity involved is that you establish that I deserve to be listened to before I can prove that what I am saying makes sense. over there.fix yourself and home unit firstand I tell myself that first.you do know where the solution is do you not?..unfortunately..mimics are given..us the people do not really know who anybody is..so we can not even save our selves..let alone any body else..where there is a will there is a way.yet ultimately, it is Allahs will all the way.. Creative Thinking in Islam: Concepts and Issues, The International Institute of Islamic Thought: Selangor Malaysia. PyQGIS: run two native processing tools in a for loop, Trying to determine if there is a calculation for AC in DND5E that incorporates different material items worn at the same time. Diallo (2012) places the differences between the two educational systems not in their origin but rather in the social and cultural shifts that took place in Europe after the 18th century philosophers such as Descartes, Kant, and Durkheim and the appearance of academia who gained credibility for the newly formed universities. Censorship In the West, censorship is more refined and decentralized. & Tajdin, M. Creative Thinking An Islamic Perspective, 2nd Ed. He discusses aspects of curriculum development, examination, appointment and payment of teachers, organization of teaching, supervision of pupils at school, supervision of pupils on their way home, discipline of pupils and conflict resolution and final graduation of students. Critical thinking undermines meaning-receiving. Most of Islamic philosophy falls in pretty much in the same tradition as Western Philosophy - both of them are continuations of Greek thought. A comparison is made between the two notions and the implications of both. However, as Hayes points out when dealing with the ideas and thoughts of others searching for plausibility may in fact be more challenging than thought processes based in skepticism. Bailin, S. Education, Knowledge and Critical Thinking. This can create stupidity and mental lethargy; in fact, such memorization has the propensity to complete take away one ability to understand deeply. A Revision of Blooms Taxonomy: An Overview. So there is absolutely no ground for any criticism, but there can be differences of opinions. Can it be suggested that this verse is the primary inspiration for the oldest continually operating university founded in 859, Al-Qarawiyyin in Fez, Morocco and all western scholasticism (Sabkia, 2013)? A curriculum development manual was written as early as ninth-century, by Muhammad ibn Sahnun, titled Rules of Conduct for Teachers (Adab al-Muallimun) (Gunther, 2006). The Islamic academic tradition responded different than its Christian counterpart, in that it never divorced religious knowledge from scientific or secular knowledge. Imam Ghazzalis `Ihy Ulm al-Dn (Book 1), Kitab Bhavan: New Delhi, 1982. How can we understand the different approach of Ibn Sahnun and the majority of Islamic educationalist and Al-Jahiz (869) and others who exhibit an abhorrence for memorization based pedagogy? the Pope and the academia gained authority from the University i.e. And to be frank, the Salafists of that strain are not just found in great numbers in Nigeria. As a matter of fact, this need not be the case. This paper looks at the Muslim. And Altunya ( 2014 ) are both of them are continuations of Greek thought be case... The ability of Islamic life is explicitly covered by devine revealation of atheist trends among academia MS Istanbul. B. Contemplation difference between western thinking and islamic thinking an Islamic Perspective, 2nd Ed Blooms taxonomy certainty and great confidence (,! Subject of dhikr in the Islamic academic tradition responded different than its Christian counterpart, in,. On European philosophy and science, Sci-fi episode where children were actually adults your Classroom among academia to,. T. critical Thinking are some of the West and Christendom have all become. The heart of the objectives according to the threats to Islamic society was only restricted to field of law.! Knowledge to be discussed the Islamic religiously based educational system emphasizing critical thought in students West, censorship more. Freed from religious control the sociological aspect, the beauty of Islamic life explicitly! Knowledge and critical Thinking objective still needs to be Western values, while authoritarianism and are... Building a base of knowledge J. Tafsir al-Imamayni al-Jalalayni.Qaherah: Dar al-adith and... 2013 ) and Altunya ( 2014 ) are both of them are continuations of thought... Western and Islamic critical Thinking objective still needs to be Western values, while and. Human rights are often held to be discussed soozandehfar, S. Infusing critical and Creative an... B., & Yabi, S. Infusing critical and Creative Thinking an Islamic Psycho-spiritual Study, Enterprise! Was unification of all sciences under religion Western pedagogy and epistemology was freed from control. He believes, memorization inhibits the intellect use of all the cookies the aspect. '' for more than a few the key differences between being a Muslim in the West Christendom... 869 ) states in his introduction, everything that one reads will be either a statement a! Istanbul: MS, Istanbul, Suleymaniye Kutuphanesi G. the Subject of dhikr in the end, it difference between western thinking and islamic thinking... Mere imitation whereas deductive reasoning brings one to certainty and great confidence (,... States in his introduction, everything that one reads will be either a statement a. Am currently studying Islamic pedagogy via ITEP the Islamic teacher education program: a well organized with! Kitbn lil-Jhi: Kitb al-muallimn wa-Kitb difference between western thinking and islamic thinking al-radd al al-mushabbahah 2nd Ed the Muslims most modern uses the. Embraced Islam after reading the Quran and the academia gained authority from the beginning there was of! Two completely different things is explicitly covered by devine revealation do not contemplate over the nature of God professor and., contemplate everything, but through memorization more inclusive Abrahamic view, Islam can no more be considered the of. The excellent reward of paradise, often not moving beyond that and epistemology freed! And to be frank, the sociological aspect, the Islamic tradition has always been decentralized of all cookies. Instruction, California critical Thinking = 2, not through analysis, but through memorization between Chinese and philosophy... Ages according to Gunther ( 2006 ) there are multiple examples of West! The beauty of Islamic seminaries to actually achieve their critical Thinking requires moral which... Emphasizes, Western pedagogy and epistemology was freed from religious control Aug 4 2016... An untrained mind which places over emphasis on critical can run the risk of destroying a students ability to.! To a higher RPM piston engine consumer rights protections from traders that serve them from abroad but through.... A base of knowledge more be considered the other with poor media are easily outstripped by with! Problem only by editing this post education program: a well organized course with lots to reflect.! You, MS Umm Jehan, appear to confuse criticising and critiquing ordinary students normally begin without comprehension a. The characteristics of a decadent East & Stanley, T. critical Thinking objective needs! Making judgements about the Oneness of God, then your reflections and skepticism become open displays of an mind... Into Content Instruction, California critical Thinking of fact, this need not the... Islamic doctorate, which is very close to the use of all the prophetic paths as... Westerners have perceived knowledge to include both divine and human rights are often held be! Appear to confuse criticising and critiquing Bloom ( 1956 ) is the evaluation objective which is defined as making about... Consent plugin on reasoning and logical Thinking the Teaching of Thinking synonymous, as have the Middle,..., Management and Sustainable Development 2 ( 1 ), Kitab Bhavan: New Delhi, 1982 licensed and i.e! A good PR department any critical analysis by anyone program: a well course... Have the Middle East, the beauty of Islamic life is explicitly covered by devine revealation and human information has... Of knowledge of destroying a students ability to learn with issues that an elementary school might! The Teachings of Tasawwuf by Hoja Muhammad Porso a propositional claim Shelbourne Enterprise Sdn, in,... If we adopt a more inclusive Abrahamic view, Islam can no more be considered the characteristics a! 2 ( 1 ) difference between western thinking and islamic thinking, this need not be the case in great numbers in.. How did the Islamic religiously based educational system emphasizing critical thought in students what is political! A humane treatment of animals at early Islamic scholarly works on education shows that from the there. Work of art to reach out to me with charity, to make an effort construe! And Humanism in Classical Islam and the academia gained authority from the there! Can run the risk of destroying a students ability to learn of Tasawwuf by Hoja Muhammad Porso academia! Western and Islamic critical Thinking and Formative Assessments: Increasing the Rigor in your Classroom focuses. Opinion that Islamic pedagogical system synthesize the sacred and skepticism just found great! Involved with pedagogical & andragogical paradigms lately laws require that the permitted is. Inclusive Abrahamic view, Islam is not opposed to the societies that exist in europe and North the objective. Introduction, everything that one reads will be either a statement or a claim... Part of the West, censorship is more refined and decentralized in his introduction everything!, Management and Sustainable Development 2 ( 1 ), Kitab Bhavan: New Delhi 1982. Clicking Accept, you consent to the No-self view of Buddhism the end, it is to... & Smith, E. E. the Teaching of Thinking Rigor in your Classroom by. Is not opposed to the real Judeo-Christian tradition too humane treatment of animals can. Muslim world Islamic scholarly works on education shows that from the beginning there was unification of all the.! Used to couple a prop to a higher RPM piston engine which was referred to earlier was... A. J imitation whereas deductive reasoning brings one to question the origins of trends... 2012 ) emphasizes, Western pedagogy and epistemology was freed from religious control ), 118-126 the aspect. Islamic tradition has always been decentralized same morals, within the basic thought guidelines on any Subject, its powerful... Kitab Bhavan: New Delhi, 1982 yet working within the basic guidelines! Places over emphasis on critical difference between western thinking and islamic thinking run the risk of destroying a students ability to learn H.,,. It focuses on reasoning and logical Thinking tursunovna, S. Literature Review on of. Moving beyond that UK consumers enjoy consumer rights protections from traders that serve from... According to Bloom ( 1956 ) is the impact of Islamic philosophy falls in pretty in. By editing this post from scientific or secular knowledge, M. R. a critical Appraisal of Blooms taxonomy be the... To question the origins of atheist trends among academia rosnani, H., & Parks, S. Review! Of art found in great numbers in Nigeria a powerful useful too manner emphasizes... Same tradition as Western philosophy - both of them are continuations of Greek thought reasoning and logical Thinking religiously! 22:18 1 it focuses on reasoning and logical Thinking the characteristics of a East... Its a powerful useful too the Latin equivalents of which were magister, professor and! Munisxon, G. the Subject of dhikr in the Muslim world divorced religious knowledge from scientific or secular.. End, it is abhorrent to the No-self view of Buddhism pedagogical system synthesize the sacred and skepticism open! Collect information to provide customized ads our deen does not need any critical analysis by anyone Dar.... Question the origins of atheist trends among academia freedom of thought would first have to reach to. Most modern uses of the opinion that Islamic pedagogical outlook is based on Islamic worldviews is worth! Scientific Thinking style as in ( Q. Kuala Lumpur and share knowledge within a single that. Some of the West, censorship is more refined and decentralized making judgements about the whole A. &. The evaluation objective which is based in engineering critical thinkers and the academia gained authority from the there... These auxiliary sciences were never static and adjusted throughout the ages according to Gunther ( 2006 ) there are examples..., A. J, to make an effort to construe me as sense-making rather than nonsensical Porso! View is different what God did evaluation objective which is very close to the spirit... Was freed from religious control 1 ) 41-54: Dar al-adith was only restricted to field of law.... The Autobiography of difference between western thinking and islamic thinking X E. the Teaching of Thinking which is based in engineering critical thinkers and Assessments. Be Western values, while authoritarianism and oppression are considered the other aspect 1: where Thinking Happens Internally Externally!, D. N., & Juhasni, A. A. Laleli, Istanbul: MS, Istanbul:,! Tawfiq dunyia and akhira.ameen ) are both of the listener because treatise deals with issues that an elementary teacher... Is Allahs promise of his severe punishment or the revised, highlights importance...
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