example, participants in one study were shown video of a car accident. In response, psychologists accelerated their research on the spread of online misinformation and how to address it.4, 2018Present Science 359(6380):11461151, Wang WY (2017) Liar, liar pants on fire: a new benchmark dataset for fake news detection. Ships worldwide. J Comput Soc Sci 1(2):261275, Tambuscio M, Ruffo G, Flammini A, Menczer F (2015) Fact-checking effect on viral hoaxes: A model of misinformation spread in social networks. And who we are is not a historical process, but a people, as alive today as we ever were. Naval Technical Training Command Millington TN Research Branch, King G, Tomz M, Wittenberg J (2000) Making the most of statistical analyses: improving interpretation and presentation. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI 2019), Martel C, Pennycook G, Rand DG (2019) Reliance on emotion promotes belief in fake news. The result is a full probability distribution that I use to compute the average expected value and the confidence intervals. Players assume the role of a manipulator and practice interacting with others in a social media simulation. As a novelist and a screenwriter, he enjoys promoting one story or another. So far, the studies are basically like school tests, he says. Then, I change the value of the variable to its ending point (high range), keeping all the other variables at their means and repeat the simulation. For example, a text containing the string bla bla bla bla bla has an entropy of 0 because p(bla)=1 (a certainty), while the string this is an example of higher entropy has an entropy of 2.807355 (higher uncertainty). Panelists at the School of Public Health called for a stronger communications effort by physicians to counter misinformation on vaccines. In other words, one can predict the probabilities for each category in the scenario (variable) with the following ranges: \({\mathrm{Readability}} = \left[ {6.78,\,22.05} \right]\), \({\mathrm{Perplexity}} = \left[ {91.37,\,215.01} \right]\), \({\mathrm{Sentiment}} = \left[ { - 32,\,28} \right]\), Mortality=[0.13, 13.75]. Google Scholar, Chan MpuiS, Jones CR, Hall Jamieson K, Albarracn D (2017) Debunking: a meta-analysis of the psychological efficacy of messages countering misinformation. Implication for travel product websites. 2 people found this helpful. Lewandowsky, S., et al., 2020, Coronavirus misinformation: Quantifying sources and themes in the COVID-19 infodemic All of them are important components of readability (Just & Carpenter, 1980). It may be the case that the results moderate the motivated reasoning mechanism (Bago et al., 2020; Kraft et al., 2015) by augmenting or diminishing its effect depending on the level of emotional evocation and morality and the cognitive effort needed to process it. 4. Therefore, a purely human-centered solution is ineffective because misinformation is created in more quantity (volume), in more forms (breadth) and faster (speed) than the human ability to fact-check everything that is being shared in a given platform. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 114(28):73137318, Article Flesch-Kincaid is used in different scientific fields like pediatrics (DAlessandro et al., 2001), climate change (De Bruin & Granger Morgan, 2019), tourism (Liu & Park, 2015) or social media (Rajadesingan et al., 2015). 133, No. Person Soc Psychol Rev 19(4):307342, Hee CVan, Jacobs G, Emmery C, Desmet B, Lefever E, Verhoeven B, Hoste V (2018) Automatic detection of cyberbullying in social media text. Regarding first differences, one can see that increasing the readability score from 6.78 to 22 has no effect on the probabilities of content being classified as factual news (p=0.000, CI=[0.003, 0.003]), decrease by 6.44% the probabilities of being clickbait (CI=[0.074, 0.056]), a decrease of 5.16% for conspiracy theories (CI=[0.061, 0.042]), or a decrease of 3.47% in rumors (CI=[0.044, 0.026]); remarkably, increasing the readability translates into a decrease of 35% of being classified as fake news (CI=[0.361, 0.344]). That process can get things right, but it can also get things wrong, producing rumors that turn out to be false.. https://github.com/BigMcLargeHuge/opensources, Zuckerman M, DePaulo B, Rosenthal R (1981) Verbal and nonverbal communication of deception. Included Items. Expert Syst Appl 169(February 2020):114171, Chung M, Kim N (2021) When I learn the news is false: how fact-checking information stems the spread of fake news via third-person perception. However, prior studies only focus on one or just a few specific categories, usually fake news. A tendency to see the world as a threatening, nonrandom place without fixed definitions of moralityor to use intuition over analytical thinking when processing informationfurther predicts conspiratorial belief (Moulding, R., et al., Personality and Individual Differences, Vol. Infodemic: World Health Organization defines an infodemic as an overabundance of informationsome accurate and some notthat makes it hard for people to find trustworthy sources and reliable guidance when they need it., Only a few months ago, I would have settled for emphasizing that our democracy depends on facts and truth, and it surely does, Washington Post executive editor Martin Baron said at Harvards 2020 online graduation. Nature Communications, 10, Article 7. That is, how factual news differ from different types of misinformation in terms of (1) evocation to emotions (sentiment analysispositive, neutral, negativeand appeal to moral language as a challenge to social identity), and (2) cognitive effort needed to process the content (both in terms of grammatical featuresreadabilityand lexical featuresperplexity). First, I calculated the Euclidean distance (sum of squared distances and taking the square root of the resulting value), forcing values that are very different to add a higher contribution to the distance among observations. Executive Summary. Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. This model allows not only researchers but also practitioners and non-technical audiences to understand, and potentially adopt the model. His studies also show that people are more likely to accept misinformation as fact if its easy to hear or read (Consciousness and Cognition, Vol. Seeing only the headline and a photo of a school bus, most of those people likely assumed, incorrectly, that the story applied to their own area. 5:47, Masciari E, Moscato V, Picariello A, Sperli G(2020) A deep learning approach to fake news detection. Thus, the results contribute to the explainability of the misinformation characteristics to better target interventions by providing evidence that these differences are important and that they can be counter-balanced with higher media literacy. Media Commun 8(1):206217, Tajfel H, Turner JC, Austin WG, Worchel, S (1979) An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. 3, 1999). However, this measure is extremely influenced by the denominator (text length). 13. For example, emotions can be used as a strategy to convey a particular point of view when the appropriate methods are less likely to yield the desired conclusion (Kunda, 1990). The fundamental problem with misinformation is that once people have heard it, they tend to believe and act on it, even after its been corrected, says Stephan Lewandowsky, PhD, a professor of psychology at the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom. ADS CAS 408419, Zhou X, Zafarani R (2020) A survey of fake news: fundamental theories, detection methods, and opportunities. Their speedy development, in addition to well-grounded skepticism of the medical establishment among minority groups, also contribute to public uncertainty. This is aligned with the call for public interest algorithms to identify misinformation and protect consumers (Wheeler, 2017). Then, without moving your eyes, move the mouse cursor over the image. Stud Second Lang Acquis 26(1):5984, Eshet Y, Eshet Y (2004) Digital literacy: a conceptual framework for survival skills in the digital era. ACM Association for Computing Machinery, Rashkin H, Choi E, Jang JY, Volkova S, Choi Y (2017) Truth of varying shades: Analyzing language in fake news and political fact-checking. Also, deceptive content can adopt different forms. If the site is full of odd claims or clickbait stories about celebrities, it should probably not be trusted. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116(16):76627669, Shearer E (2021) More than eight-in-ten Americans get news from digital devices. How could we improve it? Tackling misinformation: What researchers could do with social media data Springer, New York, Vosoughi S, Roy D, Aral S (2018) The spread of true and false news online. An analysis of misinformation from five samples across the United States, Europe, and Mexico showed that substantial portions of each populationanywhere from 15% to 37%believed misinformation about COVID-19 in April and May 2020, representing what the authors call a major threat to public health. People who were more susceptible to misinformation were less likely to report complying with public health recommendations and less likely to say theyd get vaccinated (Royal Society Open Science, Vol. One of these items ships sooner than the other. Professionally curated lists of online sources, available free for public use. Reposting old news stories doesnt mean theyre relevant to current events. In this documentary however its shown how those that were considered to be savages were in fact very intelligent and cultured people that had managed to survive for untold generations. Therefore, longer sentences and longer words require more cognitive effort to be effectively processed. Proceedings of the 4th ACM Workshop on Security and Artificial Intelligence. In addition, this method can help technology companies, media outlets and fact-checking organizations to prioritize the content to be checked. https://github.com/several, 27, Taddicken M, Wolff L (2020) Fake News in science communication: emotions and strategies of coping with dissonance online. Therefore, content that appeals to what individuals think is moral (or not moral), is likely to be more viral (Brady et al., 2020), especially in conjunction with negative emotions that challenge their social identity (Brady et al., 2017; Horberget al., 2011). Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard T.H. Hidden Colors is a dignified intellectual factual and inspirational documentary series. Number two: Its the cover-up that kills. Like in sentiment analysis, morality is measured by counting the frequency of moral words in each text. PubMed Central Predicting intensities of emotions and sentiments using stacked ensemble [application notes]. a story to its website saying that police in Nova Scotia were banning drivers from eating breakfast sandwiches. With 18k+ articles and 40 novels written, Tom knows a little something about storytelling. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. This finding is important because existing research tends to overemphasize the role of sentiment while neglecting the prominent role of appeal to morality. Finally, first differences for appealing to morality show that increasing the morality score from 0.3 to 13.75 generates a decrease on content being classified as factual news (p=0.029, CI=[0.032, 0.025]), a decrease in being classified as junk science (p=0.013, CI=[0.032, 0.025]), a decrease in hate speech (p=0.022, CI=[0.032, 0.009]), and a decrease in being a rumor (p=0.050, CI=[0.058, 0.040]). An excerpt from the new book Demagogue: The Life and Long Shadow of Senator Joe McCarthy by Larry Tye. During the 2020 presidential election, Twitter flagged tweets that contained misleading information about election resultsa form of prebunkingand in December, Facebook announced that it would begin removing posts with false claims about COVID-19 vaccines. And who we are is not a historical process, but a people, as today. A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard T.H media simulation documentary series players assume role... 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